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NHTSA RECALLS · MODEL

BMW 530I recall records

Public NHTSA recall rows listed for BMW 530I, grouped by campaign, component, and model year.

Are BMW 530I recalls listed?

Loaded NHTSA rows list 24 distinct recall campaigns for BMW 530I, across 63make/model/year/component rows. A row match is a public-record listing, not a VIN-specific status. Use NHTSA's VIN tool for a specific vehicle check. Snapshot 2026-06-24.

Source-backed recall facts

Components listed in recall rows

NHTSA recall rows by component
ComponentRowsCampaignsSource
AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:DRIVER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE83Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
BACK OVER PREVENTION: SENSING SYSTEM: CAMERA73Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:EXHAUST SYSTEM:EMISSION CONTROL:CRANKCASE (PCV)62Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)53Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:ELECTRIC:CONTROL MODULE53Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLY52Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
AIR BAGS:SENSOR:OCCUPANT CLASSIFICATION32Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLY:RELAY31Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
SEAT BELTS31Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
AIR BAGS21Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
AIR BAGS:FRONTAL21Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:PASSENGER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE21Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
BACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWARE21Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
POWER TRAIN:DRIVELINE:DRIVESHAFT21Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
AIR BAGS: AIR BAG/RESTRAINT CONTROL MODULE11Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:12V/24V/48V BATTERY11Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:ADAS:DRIVER MONITORING:CAMERA/SENSOR11Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:ALTERNATOR/GENERATOR/REGULATOR11Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC):CONTROL MODULE11Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:ENGINE11Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION11Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK/TRACTION CONTROL/ELECTRONIC LIMITED SLIP:CONTROL UNIT/MODULE11Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24

Model years listed

NHTSA recall rows by model year
Model yearRowsCampaignsSource
202574Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
2024106Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
202311Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
202233Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
2021107Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
202065Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
201911Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
201822Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
201781Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
201111Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
201011Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
200911Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
200811Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
200722Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
200633Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
200322Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
200222Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
200111Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24
200011Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-06-24

BMW 530I recent NHTSA rows

BMW 530I recent NHTSA rows
CampaignVehicleComponentReport dateFlagsListed issueSource
26V4220002024 BMW 530ISERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:ELECTRIC:CONTROL MODULEJul 1, 2026None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2025 Mini Cooper S, Mini Countryman S All4, X2, 2024 Rolls-Royce Spectre, 2023-2025 i7, 7 Series, X7, 2024-2025 i5, 5 Series,...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
26V4220002024 BMW 530IELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)Jul 1, 2026None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2025 Mini Cooper S, Mini Countryman S All4, X2, 2024 Rolls-Royce Spectre, 2023-2025 i7, 7 Series, X7, 2024-2025 i5, 5 Series,...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
26V4220002025 BMW 530ISERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:ELECTRIC:CONTROL MODULEJul 1, 2026None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2025 Mini Cooper S, Mini Countryman S All4, X2, 2024 Rolls-Royce Spectre, 2023-2025 i7, 7 Series, X7, 2024-2025 i5, 5 Series,...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
26V4220002025 BMW 530IELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)Jul 1, 2026None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2025 Mini Cooper S, Mini Countryman S All4, X2, 2024 Rolls-Royce Spectre, 2023-2025 i7, 7 Series, X7, 2024-2025 i5, 5 Series,...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
26V0560002024 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLYJan 30, 2026None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Toyota Supra, 2022-2023 2 Series Coupe, 2021-2024 5 Series (xDrive), 2021-2022 Z4, 2022-2024 4 Series (Gran Coupe),...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
26V0560002022 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLYJan 30, 2026None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Toyota Supra, 2022-2023 2 Series Coupe, 2021-2024 5 Series (xDrive), 2021-2022 Z4, 2022-2024 4 Series (Gran Coupe),...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
26V0560002023 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLYJan 30, 2026None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Toyota Supra, 2022-2023 2 Series Coupe, 2021-2024 5 Series (xDrive), 2021-2022 Z4, 2022-2024 4 Series (Gran Coupe),...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
26V0560002021 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLYJan 30, 2026None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Toyota Supra, 2022-2023 2 Series Coupe, 2021-2024 5 Series (xDrive), 2021-2022 Z4, 2022-2024 4 Series (Gran Coupe),...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
25V6360002020 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLY:RELAYSep 23, 2025None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 BMW 330i, 2019-2022 BMW Z4, 2020-2022 BMW 530i, X3, X4, Toyota Supra, 2021-2022 BMW 430i, 430i Convertible, and 2022...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
25V6360002021 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLY:RELAYSep 23, 2025None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 BMW 330i, 2019-2022 BMW Z4, 2020-2022 BMW 530i, X3, X4, Toyota Supra, 2021-2022 BMW 430i, 430i Convertible, and 2022...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
25V6360002022 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLY:RELAYSep 23, 2025None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 BMW 330i, 2019-2022 BMW Z4, 2020-2022 BMW 530i, X3, X4, Toyota Supra, 2021-2022 BMW 430i, 430i Convertible, and 2022...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
25V2020002025 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLYApr 1, 2025None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2025 330i, 330i xDrive, 530i, 530i xDrive, 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive), 4 Series Convertible (430i, 430i xDrive), 4 Ser...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
25V2020002025 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:ALTERNATOR/GENERATOR/REGULATORApr 1, 2025None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2025 330i, 330i xDrive, 530i, 530i xDrive, 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive), 4 Series Convertible (430i, 430i xDrive), 4 Ser...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V8700002025 BMW 530IAIR BAGS: AIR BAG/RESTRAINT CONTROL MODULENov 19, 2024None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2025 530i and 540i xDrive vehicles. The air bag control unit may have been manufactured incorrectly, which can result in the a...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V7390002024 BMW 530ISERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:ELECTRIC:CONTROL MODULEOct 2, 2024None listedBMW of North America, LLC. (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2024 X1, X5, X6, X7, XM, 530i, i5, 740i, 760i, i7, and 750e vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list o...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V7390002024 BMW 530IELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)Oct 2, 2024None listedBMW of North America, LLC. (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2024 X1, X5, X6, X7, XM, 530i, i5, 740i, 760i, i7, and 750e vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list o...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V6970002024 BMW 530IELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC):CONTROL MODULESep 18, 2024None listedBMW of North America (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2024 X1, 2024-2025 X5, 2025 X6, 2023-2025 X7, 740i, 760i, 2024 XM, 530i, 540i, i7, 750e, X2, 2024-2025 i5, 2024 Rolls Royce Sp...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V6970002024 BMW 530ISERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:ANTILOCK/TRACTION CONTROL/ELECTRONIC LIMITED SLIP:CONTROL UNIT/MODULESep 18, 2024None listedBMW of North America (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2024 X1, 2024-2025 X5, 2025 X6, 2023-2025 X7, 740i, 760i, 2024 XM, 530i, 540i, i7, 750e, X2, 2024-2025 i5, 2024 Rolls Royce Sp...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V1040002025 BMW 530ISERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:ELECTRIC:CONTROL MODULEFeb 12, 2024None listedBMW of North America, LLC. (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2025 BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list of models and model years. Th...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V1040002024 BMW 530ISERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:ELECTRIC:CONTROL MODULEFeb 12, 2024None listedBMW of North America, LLC. (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2025 BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list of models and model years. Th...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V1040002025 BMW 530IELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)Feb 12, 2024None listedBMW of North America, LLC. (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2025 BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list of models and model years. Th...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
24V1040002024 BMW 530IELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL (ESC)Feb 12, 2024None listedBMW of North America, LLC. (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2025 BMW, MINI, and Rolls-Royce vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list of models and model years. Th...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
23V7000002024 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:ADAS:DRIVER MONITORING:CAMERA/SENSOROct 18, 2023None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2023-2024 740i, 740i xDrive, 760i xDrive, i7 eDrive50, i7 xDrive60, i7 M70, 2024 750e xDrive, 530i, 530i xDrive, i5 eDrive40,...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
22V0700002022 BMW 530IPOWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONFeb 9, 2022None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2022 330i, 530i, X3 xDrive30i, and X4 xDrive30i vehicles. The mechatronics unit inside the transmission may not have been asse...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V5540002021 BMW 530ISEAT BELTSJul 21, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021 2 Series (230i, 230i xDrive, M240i, M240i xDrive), 330e, 330e Xdrive, 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive) M4...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V5540002021 BMW 530ISEAT BELTSJul 21, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021 2 Series (230i, 230i xDrive, M240i, M240i xDrive), 330e, 330e Xdrive, 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive) M4...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V5540002021 BMW 530ISEAT BELTSJul 21, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021 2 Series (230i, 230i xDrive, M240i, M240i xDrive), 330e, 330e Xdrive, 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive) M4...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V0960002020 BMW 530IBACK OVER PREVENTION: SENSING SYSTEM: CAMERAFeb 19, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 X3 sDrive30i, X3 xDrive30i, X3 M40i, X3M, X4 xDrive30i, X4 M40i, M550i, X4M, X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V0960002020 BMW 530IBACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWAREFeb 19, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 X3 sDrive30i, X3 xDrive30i, X3 M40i, X3M, X4 xDrive30i, X4 M40i, M550i, X4M, X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V0960002021 BMW 530IBACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWAREFeb 19, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 X3 sDrive30i, X3 xDrive30i, X3 M40i, X3M, X4 xDrive30i, X4 M40i, M550i, X4M, X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V0960002021 BMW 530IBACK OVER PREVENTION: SENSING SYSTEM: CAMERAFeb 19, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 X3 sDrive30i, X3 xDrive30i, X3 M40i, X3M, X4 xDrive30i, X4 M40i, M550i, X4M, X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V0460002021 BMW 530IPOWER TRAIN:DRIVELINE:DRIVESHAFTFeb 3, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2020-2021 530i xDrive, 540i xDrive and 2021 740Li xDrive vehicles. The output shafts (left/right) which transfer power from th...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
21V0460002020 BMW 530IPOWER TRAIN:DRIVELINE:DRIVESHAFTFeb 3, 2021None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2020-2021 530i xDrive, 540i xDrive and 2021 740Li xDrive vehicles. The output shafts (left/right) which transfer power from th...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
20V7610002021 BMW 530IELECTRICAL SYSTEM:12V/24V/48V BATTERYDec 9, 2020None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021 M340i xDrive, M440i xDrive Coupe, 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i, 540i xDrive, 740Li, 740Li xDrive, 840i Gran Coupe, 840i xDrive...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
20V5980002020 BMW 530IBACK OVER PREVENTION: SENSING SYSTEM: CAMERASep 30, 2020None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2020-2021 X3 sDrive 30i, X3 xDrive 30i, X3M 40i, X3 xDrive 30e, X4 xDrive 30i, X4M 40i, 530i, 540i, 540i xDrive, M550i xDrive,...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
20V5980002021 BMW 530IBACK OVER PREVENTION: SENSING SYSTEM: CAMERASep 30, 2020None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2020-2021 X3 sDrive 30i, X3 xDrive 30i, X3M 40i, X3 xDrive 30e, X4 xDrive 30i, X4M 40i, 530i, 540i, 540i xDrive, M550i xDrive,...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
20V2430002017 BMW 530IAIR BAGSApr 29, 2020None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2017 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i and 540i xDrive and 2017-2018 530e xDrive vehicles. Prior exposure to excessive levels of humidit...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
20V2430002017 BMW 530IAIR BAGSApr 29, 2020None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2017 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i and 540i xDrive and 2017-2018 530e xDrive vehicles. Prior exposure to excessive levels of humidit...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
20V2430002017 BMW 530IAIR BAGS:FRONTALApr 29, 2020None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2017 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i and 540i xDrive and 2017-2018 530e xDrive vehicles. Prior exposure to excessive levels of humidit...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18
20V2430002017 BMW 530IAIR BAGS:FRONTALApr 29, 2020None listedBMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2017 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i and 540i xDrive and 2017-2018 530e xDrive vehicles. Prior exposure to excessive levels of humidit...Source:NHTSA Safety RecallsSnapshot 2026-07-18

Limits and source notes

  • NHTSA's flat file is row-grained by make, model, model year, and component. Fonteum dedupes distinct campaign counts by campaign number.
  • Potentially affected totals are read once per campaign in aggregate views to avoid counting the same campaign across repeated BMW 530I rows.
  • A make/model page is not a VIN-specific result. Use NHTSA's recall site for the vehicle-level check.

Recall questions

What does a BMW 530I recall row mean?

A NHTSA row is a public-record slice of a recall campaign, usually tied to a make, model, model year, and component. It is not an owner-specific finding. Fonteum groups rows into distinct campaigns when reporting campaign counts and affected-unit aggregates.

Why can row counts and campaign counts differ?

NHTSA's flat file can repeat the same campaign across multiple models, years, or component labels. Row counts show the published slices. Campaign counts dedupe by campaign number so the same administrative campaign is not counted repeatedly in the headline total.

How do I check a specific vehicle?

Use NHTSA's official recall site for a VIN-specific check. Fonteum pages show public make/model records and source dates, which are useful for research, but a VIN check is the right source for a specific vehicle's current recall status.

What’s on file, by the numbers

Platform snapshot · 2026-08-29

13.4Mproviders & companiesProviders, organizations, owners, and facilities on file
26.2Msource-linked factsSource-linked field facts in the dated platform snapshot
90sources with dataDistinct snapshot source IDs with at least one positive record count
19fresh sourcesDistinct source IDs whose latest positive-data snapshot falls within the preceding 45 days
111sources integratedActive registry rows; integration does not establish a load
13state Medicaid jurisdictionsDistinct states represented in the state-exclusions serving table

Integrated, with-data, and fresh-observation counts are separate. No platform-wide source-completeness count is published. Completeness is source-specific and must be evaluated against the named source's expected scope. State coverage is a separate jurisdiction measure.

Source authority is record-specific

Use the issuer named on the record.

Fonteum spans federal, state, and global public publishers. A source page or returned record identifies its issuer and dataset where that metadata is available. A platform registry count does not assign every page to one authority or establish loaded, fresh, or complete coverage.

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Reproducible by design

Inspect the evidence each published figure actually supplies.

Source and date

Research pages expose the named public file and observation date where those fields are available. Source-file SHA-256 coverage is separate; facts do not currently link deterministically to signatures.

Available derivation

Studies with a retained release and committed derivation link the SQL or method used. Other studies state the evidence and reproduction limits they actually have.

Daily observations

Dated table row-count observations can detect local drift. They do not imply that an upstream publisher released or Fonteum ingested new data that day.

Named medical review

Reviewed by Jennifer Montecillo, MD, medical reviewer. Non-practicing medical reviewer.

Read the full provenance and attestation methodology →

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